Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract This paper considers maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in a large class of models with hidden Markov regimes. We investigate consistency of ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.