The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is a popular, and often remarkably simple, method for maximum likelihood estimation in incomplete-data problems. One criticism of EM in practice is that ...

The convergence of diagonal elements of an irreducible symmetric tridiagonal matrix under QL algorithm with some kinds of shift is discussed. It is proved that if α₁—σ→0 and βj→0, j = 1, 2, ···, m, ...