Entropy, a measure of the molecular disorder or randomness of a system, is critical to understanding a system’s physical composition. In complex physical systems, the interaction of internal elements ...

The scanning-tunneling microscope (STM), which is used to study changes in the shape of a single molecule at the atomic scale, impacts the ability of that molecule to make these changes, researchers ...

New research shows that a scanning-tunneling microscope (STM), used to study changes in the shape of a single molecule at the atomic scale, impacts the ability of that molecule to make these changes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 88, No. 6 (Mar. 15, 1991), pp. 2297-2301 (5 pages) Techniques to determine changing system complexity from data ...

The second law of thermodynamics is one of those puzzling laws of nature that simply emerges from the fundamental rules. It says that entropy, a measure of disorder in the Universe, must always ...

Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) and Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) were its primary formulators. They both worked to establish a bridge ...