Abstract: In the transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite, both TCP and UDP use Internet checksum to protect headers and data. Internet checksum uses 1's complement arithmetic to detect errors in ...

Data science has revolutionized the way organizations make decisions by leveraging the power of statistical analysis. At the heart of this process lies the concept of probability, which enables data ...

Take two events A and B. For example, let A be the event “Receive a score of 95% on the econometrics exam” and let B be the event “Study econometrics 12 hours a day”. We might be interested in the ...

Venn diagrams are used to sort sets of data. The probability of an event not happening uses the complement of the region on the Venn diagram. Count the number of elements in each region. Redraw the ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...