A new kind of machine-learning model is set to improve automated decision making in finance, health care, ad targeting, and more. A new kind of machine-learning model built by a team of researchers at ...

It is commonly agreed that when evaluating the validity of an argument involving context-sensitive expressions, the context should be held fixed. In their 2008 essay "Counterfactuals and Context," ...

Most work in causal inference concerns deterministic counterfactuals; the literature on stochastic counterfactuals is small. In the stochastic counterfactual setting, the outcome for each individual ...

After the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics, a team of researchers analyzed the body language, facial expressions, and interviews of every athlete who won a gold, silver, or bronze medal to assess their ...

Here are some things I think I am thinking about. 1) Tariff counterfactuals. The stock market has returned to where it was before the whole tariff fiasco happened. And now I am seeing people say “see, ...