Often depicted as colorful balloons or clouds, electron orbitals provide information on the whereabouts of electrons in molecules, a bit like fuzzy snapshots. In order to understand the exchange of ...

When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. An illustration of X-rays scattering off the valence electrons surrounding ammonia molecules ...

s p d f Orbitals Electron configuration: Writing electron configurations is an important topic in chemistry. Students struggle to understand and write them during an exam. Here are some rules that you ...

Speeding up chemical reactions is key to improving industrial processes or mitigating unwanted or harmful waste. Realizing these improvements requires that chemists design around documented reaction ...