The FM modulator circuit (frequency modulation) is built with a Motorola MC1648P oscillator. Two varactors, Motorola MV-209 are used to frequency modulate the oscillator. The 5000 Ω potentiometer is ...

This paper presents an excellent PWM method for power conversion circuits. The proposed method is called a vector frequency modulation (VFM). VFM does not belong to any conventional PWM methods.

Frequency modulation provides good reception, but requires operation at resonance. The circuits described in these pages are applicable to standard receivers and provide effective means for accurate ...

(a) A constellation diagram depicting five different digital modulation techniques demonstrated in this work. The z axis, representing the frequency, is included to show the frequency-modulated ...