Chaotic hash functions represent a cutting‐edge convergence between nonlinear dynamics and cryptographic science. These functions employ chaotic maps—mathematical systems that exhibit extreme ...

The private key is randomly generated and sent through a hashing function (usually an elliptical curve function) to create the public key.

Since the public key-based signature schemes take too much time to compute, hash functions that map messages to short digests h (M) are used.

Security researchers have achieved the first real-world collision attack against the SHA-1 hash function, producing two different PDF files with the same SHA-1 signature.