The model is a nonlinear version of the well-known linear input-output model of Leontief. Conditions are given for the nonlinear model to be workable in the sense that (i) there is a unique ...

All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

Technology license agreements as public–private partnerships for economic development: evaluations using surveys, input–output modeling, and regression analysis.

A general solution is given to the problem: With little computation, construct a more disaggregated input-output model from an available model, using information about some activities that were ...

By contrast, OpenAI's flagship reasoning model, o1 pro, costs $15 per million input tokens and $60 per million output tokens—significantly less than GPT-4.5 despite offering specialized ...