Gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics represent a transformative approach in optical design whereby the refractive index varies continuously within a material rather than remaining uniform. This ...

Plot a graph of sine of angle of incidence (y axis) against sine of angle of refraction. The gradient of this graph is the refractive index of the material of the semicircular block. So the ray ...

A large-scale Monte Carlo program has been written to calculated the complete four-component Stokes vector at any region in a fully inhomogeneous atmosphere-ocean system with inclusion of a stochastic ...