Required rate of return (RRR) gives investors a benchmark to determine the minimum acceptable return on an investment considering the risk involved. By calculating RRR, investors can assess whether an ...

Every thriving business relies on a robust return on investment (ROI) to help gauge whether its investments are yielding a profit. Although you as an individual investor possess shallower pockets than ...

Downside risk refers to the potential for an investment to decrease in value. Unlike general risk, which considers both upward and downward price movements, downside risk focuses solely on the ...

If most midsize companies have a formal risk management process, why did so many fail even in pre-pandemic years? The problem is that risk heat maps — many companies’ primary tool for assessing risk — ...

If it weren’t for long covid, the arguments for a “return to normal” approach to covid-19 would be quite persuasive. The pandemic, after all, has morphed into ...