A translation is a shift of the graph either horizontally parallel to the \(x\)-axis or vertically parallel to the \(y\)-axis. If \(f(x) = x^2\), then \(f(x) + a = x^2 + a\). The value of \(a\) ...

If \(f(x) = x^2\), then \(af(x) = a(x^2)\). This tells us that we need to multiply each of the \(y\) coordinates on the graph by \(a\) in order to stretch the original graph. Looking at some ...