All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

These can include, for example, the addition of feedback loops from output to input, in doing so creating models analogous to closed-loop control theory.

This input-process-output mechanism is called neural network feed-forward. Understanding the feed-forward mechanism is required in order to create a neural network that solves difficult practical ...

The open-loop control system is a continuous control system that provides no feedback from its output. The control process, therefore, is only affected by the system’s input . Traditionally, ...

Systems approach: input (sensors like thermostats), process (microcontrollers), output (actuators like heaters). Feedback ensures accuracy and stability.