In 2009 researchers found an "ionization surprise" that defied explanation. Until that time, it had been commonly thought that the ionization of atoms by strong laser fields was well-understood, but ...

Figure 1: Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of ionization products of Xe atoms and clusters. Figure 3: Classical simulations of the electron motion and ionization for Xe 13 clusters after irradiation ...

If you would like to learn more about the IAEA’s work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. This report both complements and extends Technical ...

Current state of the theory of Penning ionization is reviewed, in terms of the problems currently under consideration, the physical concepts underlying various recent theories, and some of the ...

Mass spectrometry (MS) is already perhaps the most popular analytical chemistry tool in drug discovery and development. Its use is ubiquitous in bioanalytical laboratories for drug and metabolite ...

The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) used to measure hydrocarbon content in emission samples uses a hydrogen flame that produces little ionization. Hydrocarbons introduced into this flame produce large ...