Identification by a step signal of a proportional control loop, which is defined as follows: where u is the input (test) signal; x – the resulting signal (recall) of the investigated loop; a0 and b0 ...

The case of boundary conditions of the first kind, which correspond to the specified and boundary temperatures: where Tа and Tb are the specified temperatures on the boundary planes x=a and x=b of the ...

This resource covers basic concepts and modeling examples for the three “pillars” of EW: Electronic Attack (EA) systems, Electronic Protection (EP) techniques, and Electronic Support (ES). It develops ...

Abstract: Nowadays, the issue of efficient heating of enclosed spaces where people carry out different activities has become a priority. This means, on the one hand, using the cheapest and least ...