The use of scale-down models is a common practice in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the performance of particular production systems. The adoption of small-scale systems typically reduces costs ...

Tools aid scale-up and comparison of single-use and stainless-steel bioreactors. Pavel K/shutterstock.com Scale-up (and down) modeling of bioreactors is a valuable tool to support process ...

Miniatures are full of bite-sized portions of our world and lives. By transcending spatial norms, models envision and measure real-world size and performance. They help to understand the cultural and ...

When Mario Marangoni first visited the Australian War Memorial as an eight-year-old he was left in awe of the detailed dioramas on display. "As a young child, seeing the large-scale dioramas sort of ...