Modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around upon reaching a certain value called the modulus. This system is fundamental to many areas of mathematics, ...

This is a calculator program that takes in two arguments V (value) and M (modulus), in the mathematical formula: V mod(M) ≡ Result. The result is calculated by the class itself. If two modular ...

You may never have heard of modular arithmetic, but you use it every day without the slightest difficulty. In this system, numbers wrap around when they reach a certain size called the modulus; it is ...

I'm sure FPGA logic designers have often heard it said: “We just need to take this number mod 3.” Or maybe something like, “Just round to the nearest hundred.” This latter case really means: “Take the ...

Abstract: Conventional steganography techniques based on Pixel Intensity Decomposition (PID) suffer from a critical ‘pixel jump’ problem that severely limits payload capacity, creating a major ...