Open-loop systems may not be as smart as closed-loop systems, but they often shine in their simplicity. For the most part, they do what you expect them to do. Light goes on, light goes off.

The frequency where the open-loop transfer function is at unity gain is called the crossover frequency. With switching frequencies in the megahertz region it is not uncommon to have crossover ...

Some lights are open-loop and simply run on a schedule. Many more of them are closed-loop and will cycle differently depending on traffic flow or information received from other traffic lights.

Once the open-loop transfer function is modeled, it’s necessary to design the frequency compensator such that it achieves the best performance possible. Because the frequency response of the above ...

A. Open-loop transfer function, Tol (at 8-9-10-11-12 GHz outputs) Referring to Figure 8, we have, from standard block diagram analysis, the open-loop transfer function, T ol (at 8-9-10-11-12 GHz ...