Arduino Uno with LCD/Buttons shield on a breakout board. the area occupied by "ca1" shows each test combination that is tried and whether there was conductivity (1) or not (0). ca was the last attempt ...

Проверка на исправность. Определение типа (npn / pnp). Определение пинов (база, эмиттер, коллектор). Точность определения типа 100%. Точность ...

From a simple electronic toothbrush to complicated robotics systems, DC motors are present everywhere. In most of our previous Arduino projects, we have used these DC motors as actuators and ...

A previous Design Idea describes a circuit that uses an astable multivibrator to drive an LED (Reference 1). The circuit in Figure 1 uses a simpler alternative approach. The circuit uses a 2N3904 NPN ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...

The two types of standard transistors are PNP and NPN which differs in circuit symbols. The layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor are denoted by the letters. To keep a straight ...