Optical networks are the backbone of modern high-speed communication systems, enabling vast data throughput over extensive geographical areas. With the increasing demand for secure data transmission, ...

Engineer's perspective: TCP is at Layer 4, IP is at Layer 3, VLAN is at Layer 2—layered thinking is the first step in ...

We have now met the archenemy of networks, Mr. Murphy, as he cackles “What can go wrong, will,” in the introduction to failure modes and the discussion of failure modes at the physical and data link ...