A plant cell wall is arranged in layers and contains cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are organized into three major layers: the primary ...

Just like in yeast and animal cells, vacuoles in plants are responsible for breaking down unwanted cellular components. At ...

Major steps forward in the use of plants for renewable materials, energy and for building construction could soon arise, thanks to a key advance in understanding the structure of wood. The step ...

Essentials of Biology is a non-majors general biology course without a laboratory. The topics that will be covered include biological molecules, cell structure and function, cellular metabolism, cell ...

Directed evolution is a laboratory technique that mimics natural selection and allows scientists to evolve genes and the ...

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of only a handful of gaseous signalling molecules. Its discovery as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by Ignarro revolutionized how NO and cognate reactive ...

Researchers have found a new, dynamic protein structure in cells. Every cell contains millions of protein molecules. Some of them have the ability to phase-separate to form non-membrane-bound ...

Researchers have developed artificial cell-like structures using inorganic matter that autonomously ingest, process, and push out material - recreating an essential function of living cells. Their ...

The cell nucleus is the site of many important biological functions of the eukaryotic cell. These processes include transcription, replication, splicing and ribosome biogenesis. The effect of these ...