In Propositional Calculus, each atomic symbol (P, Q, etc.) denotes a proposition of some complexity. In Propositional Calculus, we cannot access the components of an individual assertion, limiting our ...

Predicate logic is an extension of propositional logic. Here we consider what is called first-order predicate logic, abbreviated FOL (sometimes abbreviated PL1, not to be confused with the programming ...

This glossary provides a structured, side-by-side comparison of propositional and predicate logic, building your understanding layer by layer. Unsatisfiable No valuation makes φ true. No ...

Topics covered in Discrete Mathematics have become essential tools in many areas of studies in recent years. This is primarily due to the revolution in technology, communications, and cyber security.

This article, the second in a series of three, deals with the classical logics which will give rise to mathematical logic at the end of the 19th century. The logic of propositions is first presented, ...

Historically, it was initially a formalization of mathematical language and reasoning, proposed by G. Frege between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and "popularized" by B.

Abstract: We study predicate logic that is interpreted in Kripke models similarly to intuitionistic logic except that the accessibility relation of each model is not necessarily reflexive. Unlike in ...