The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the off axis retinoscopy on objective central refractive measurement in adult clinical practice. Informed consent was obtained from all study ...

The PARK 1 ® combines a non-contact pachymeter, auto-refractometer and keratometer in one unit. In addition to the objective refraction, the keratometer values and the pachymetry can be determined ...

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A comparative study was conducted from August 2005 to May 2008, at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia. The sample size was calculated using ...

Refraction can cause optical illusions as the light waves appear to come from a different position to their actual source. The reverse is also true. A light ray speeds up as it passes from glass into ...