Modal logic, an extension of classical logic, investigates the modes of truth such as necessity and possibility. Its development has been closely intertwined with advances in proof theory, a field ...

Many-valued logic generalises classical binary logic by permitting a spectrum of truth values rather than a strict dichotomy. This extended framework enables a more nuanced treatment of uncertainty, ...

Compared with its Big Tech rivals, Apple’s pace of A.I. development is cautiously slow. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images Just as the hype around artificial general intelligence (A.G.I.) reaches a fever ...