The working of a modulator can be explained using a conversion example. In Table 1 the headings X, B, C, D, and W correspond to points in the signal path of the block diagram in Figure 2. For this ...

What is the three-term one-port VNA error model? Manipulation of an S-parameter flow diagram to allow for the determination of each network node in terms of a single ...

Abstract: This tutorial paper discusses an efficient approach that can be adopted to analyze complex analog circuits. The approach is specifically designed to show the graphical interdependencies ...

Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

Abstract: This study presents a compact passive backward coupler (CPBC) designed for efficient nonreciprocal switching, leveraging nonlinear Schottky diodes, microstrip transmission lines (MTLs), and ...