Quantum versions of Bayes’ rule have been around for decades, but the approach through the minimum change principle had not ...

In 1927, J.B.S. Haldane reasoned that the probability of fixation of new beneficial alleles is twice their fitness effect. This result, later generalized by M. Kimura, has since become the cornerstone ...

An animated guide to probability explains how to express probability as fractions and percentages based on the ratio of the number of ways an outcome can happen and the total number of outcomes.

Following 2017, the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute carried out an experimental web/mail mixed-mode survey using probability sampling from the Basic Resident Register to validate its ...

Abstract: Free space optical communication (FSO) has become a popular research direction due to its high bandwidth, easy deployment, and inherent security. Its channel state is unstable because of ...