TCP/IP also is a layered protocol but does not use all of the OSI layers, though the layers are equivalent in operation and function (Fig. 2). The network access layer is equivalent to OSI layers ...

I like to think of the transport layer as the layer of the OSI Model that enables more interesting traffic. While we network engineers may love a lot of the simpler uses of the IP protocol and ...

When protocols are developed by organizations such as, IEEE, ANSI, or the ITU-T, for example, they are inserted into the appropriate layer of the model (see Figure 2). What makes this so nice is that ...

IBM misplayed its hand with SNA and OSI never had a chance against TCP/IP. The long, slow and at times, colorful battle between TCP/IP backers and SNA stalwarts was one of the more acrimonious ...

To make matters worse, the Internet’s evolution, based on TCP/IP, never strictly followed the old OSI model at all.