This tutorial offers a unified introduction to the modern theory of causality based on counterfactuals (aka potential outcomes), directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and non-parametric structural equation ...

Are there any good tutorials concerning using cookies, preferably with variables. (I.e. write a cookie with a variable when clicking a link, then reading that value OnParse, and using it to take ...

A variable has two main components, the name and the value. The name allows you to access the value later for reading and writing a value. The data type is specified before the name. We will discuss ...

Keywords: retrodictive qualitative modeling, L2 affective variables, complex dynamic systems theory, emerging theory, qualitative modeling Citation: Gu Y (2023) An introduction to retrodictive ...

Case-centric process tracing has been also a response to the ergodicity issue concerning the research on individual differences in SLA, especially when it comes to the investigation of L2 affective ...

Much recent research on leadership has concerned moderator (contingency) variables. This research has yielded equivocal and/or conflicting results. Conceptually distinct variables have been treated as ...