Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a cornerstone of computational biology, facilitating the exploration of functional, structural and evolutionary relationships among biological sequences.

In bioinformatics, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is an NP-hard problem. Nature-inspired approaches can provide an approximate solution compared to conventional approaches. In this article, the MSA ...

The structure of a protein is crucial in determining its functionality and is much more conserved than sequence during evolution. A key task in structural biology is to compare protein structures to ...