Quad tree is a common raster data structure that uses recursive decomposition to divide a raster into a hierarchy of quadrants. This papers aims to develop a vectorization model for the conversion of ...

Central to GIS is the concept of geospatial data modelling – the development and application of models that represent real‐world phenomena through data formats such as rasters and vectors.

Cellular Automata (CA) are dynamic mathematical systems (which are discrete in time and space, operate in uniform regular lattice, and are characterized by local interaction) that can be used with GIS ...