In the two-echelon capacitated vehicle routing problem (2E-CVRP), the delivery to customers from a depot uses intermediate depots, called satellites. The 2E-CVRP involves two levels of routing ...

This study presents new exact algorithms for the clustered vehicle routing problem (CluVRP). The CluVRP is a generalization of the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), in which the customers ...

The researchers further developed the technique by creating even 'smarter' ant algorithms by reducing the amount of decisions they make such that they can solve city-scale fleet routing problems.