Longitudinal data in biomedical studies often involve concomitant interventions in addition to the pre-specified repeatedly measured outcome and covariate variables. Since a concomitant intervention ...

What Is A Hierarchical Models? Hierarchical models, also known as hierarchical statistical models, multilevel models or random-effects models, are tools for analysing data with a nested or grouped ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract When the results of a reference (or gold standard) test are missing or not error-free, the accuracy of diagnostic tests is often assessed ...