Most programs require data from the user. This is processed and the outcome is outputted or moved to secondary storage. In some languages the input and output is combined to form a single statement.

Many programs take input from a user and then validate it before it is processed. It is important that the messages to the user are appropriate to reduce the risk of invalid data being entered.

Programming in assembly language and C for students with prior experience in Java. Topics include binary number encodings, instruction set architecture, assembly language programming, and instruction ...

For anyone who’s seen a 1970’s era microcomputer like the Altair 8800 doing its thing, you’ll know the centerpiece of these behemoths is the array of LEDs and toggle switches used as input and output.