A transistor curve tracer will tell you a transistor's electrical parameters if you know which pin to connect to which test lead. Usually you can figure this out from reading its type number and ...

From a simple electronic toothbrush to complicated robotics systems, DC motors are present everywhere. In most of our previous Arduino projects, we have used these DC motors as actuators and ...

Based on the knowledge developed in the previous tutorials, we now start the study of this important electronic component. We have thus created a PNP transistor. Figure 1: A PNP transistor. The size ...

Transistors are inevitable parts of Electronic circuits. The success of a circuit design lies in the selection of proper transistor type and calculation of voltage and current flowing through it. A ...

The two types of standard transistors are PNP and NPN which differs in circuit symbols. The layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor are denoted by the letters. To keep a straight ...

In this tutorial, we will show how, under certain conditions, a PNP transistor is equivalent to a single PN junction with a voltage-current characteristic appropriately shifted on the positive ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...