The expected tariff cost is significantly lower than the $4 billion to $5 billion crosstown rival General Motors estimates, which Ford attributes to its higher mix of U.S.-built vehicles.

More auto borrowers are improving their credit reports by falsely claiming their prior financial problems were transactions entered into by identity thieves, Point Predictive warned this spring.

No injuries or accidents have been reported, but it’s a good bet some VW executives have lost some sleep over this recall.